RESUMO A utilização de material propagativo sadio constitui importante medida de controle para os nematoides da bananeira (Musa spp.), pois, assim, evita-se a introdução desses patógenos em áreas isentas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de Bacillus subtilis (Nemathel®) no tratamento de mudas, do tipo chifre, de bananeira subgrupo Terra cv. Comprida, infectadas por uma população mista com Radopholus similis, Meloidogyne spp., Pratylenchus spp. e Helicotylenchus spp. Foram testadas diferentes doses do produto (50; 100; 150; 200 e 250 mL/10 L de água) mais as testemunhas positiva (nematicida) e negativa (água). As mudas foram imersas em cada um dos tratamentos por 30 minutos e plantadas em vasos com solo esterilizado. A avaliação foi realizada após quatro meses e as doses de 200 e 250 mL do produto por 10 L de água proporcionaram as maiores reduções das populações dos nematoides em raízes e rizomas.

ABSTRACT The use of healthy propagative plant material is an important management method for nematodes in banana crops (Musa spp.), once it prevents the introduction of nematodes in non-infested areas. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of the bio-nematicide Nemathel® (Bacillus subtilis) on Terra banana plantlets cv. Comprida infected with a mixed population of Radopholus similis, Meloidogyne spp., Pratylenchus spp., and Helicotylenchus spp. Different doses of Nemathel® (50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mL/10 L water) were tested in addition to the positive (nematicide) and negative (water) treatments. The plantlets were immersed in each treatment for 30 min and subsequently, planted in pots containing sterilized soil in greenhouse. The evaluation was performed four months later. Dosages of 200 and 250 mL of Nemathel®/10 L in water showed the greatest reduction of nematode populations in roots and rhizomes.

Biodiversity and spatial-temporal distribution of hermit crabs captured as bycatch in the non-selective fishery of shrimp were analyzed in this study from July 2010 through June 2011 off coast Santa Catarina State (southern Brazil). Ecological indexes and redundancy analyses were conducted to understand the hermit community and their relationship with environmental factors. In total, 644 specimens were collected, representing two families, five genera, and six species, demonstrating remarkable species richness in the study area, mainly because Santa Catarina is a subtropical region. Isocheles sawayai showed the highest abundance, followed by Loxopagurus loxochelis. Both species demonstrated correlation with temperature (positive) and sediment grain size (negative). The highest richness and evenness values were estimated at the deeper area (17 m). However, in 5 m deep area showed the lowest evenness because of the high dominance of I. sawayai, resulting in a lower estimated diversity. During a period of lower temperature and higher salinity (July), higher levels of diversity were registered, probably because of the lower dominance of tropical species (I. sawayai) and the presence of some species distributed in offshore regions (Petrochirus diogenes, Dardanus insignis and Pagurus exilis). Thus, we detected that the capture effort designated in the shrimp fishery activities had a strong influence in the diversity of hermit crabs and other associated fauna, especially because of catch specimens in expressive abundance at various stages of development, including juveniles. This profile makes us argue in favor of constant monitoring of bycatch resources in order to preserve the marine fauna.

Se analizó la biodiversidad y distribución espacio-temporal de los cangrejos ermitaños, como descartes en la pesca no selectiva de camarón, entre julio de 2010 y junio de 2011 en la costa del Estado de Santa Catarina. Los índices ecológicos y análisis de redundancia se analizaron para describir el desarrollo de la comunidad de ermitaños y su relación con los factores ambientales. Se encontró una notable riqueza específica en una región subtropical, como fue la de Santa Catarina, donde se obtuvieron 644 individuos pertenecientes a dos familias, cinco géneros y seis especies. Isocheles sawayai presentó la mayor abundancia, seguida de Loxopagurus loxochelis; ambas especies mostraron correlación con la temperatura y tamaño de las partículas del sedimento. Los mayores valores de riqueza y uniformidad se dieron en la zona más profunda estudiada (17 m). Sin embargo, a 5 m de profundidad se encontró la equirepartición más baja debido al predominio de I. sawayai. Durante un período de baja temperatura y mayor salinidad (julio) se registraron altos valores de diversidad, probablemente debido la baja dominancia de especies costeras tropicales (I. sawayai) y presencia de algunas especies de aguas oceánicas (Petrochirus diogenes, Dardanos insignis y Pagurus exilis). Se detectó que el esfuerzo de captura aplicado en las pesca del camarón tuvo una fuerte influencia en la diversidad de los cangrejos ermitaños y fauna asociada, especialmente debido a que en las muestras se observaron diversas etapas de desarrollo de las especies, incluyendo juveniles. Estos resultados son argumentos a favor de una vigilancia constante de los descartes a fin de preservar la fauna marina.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a adaptabilidade e estabilidade de 15 genótipos de tomateiro na região de Gurupi, estado do Tocantins. Para o efeito, foram conduzidos dois experimentos em blocos casualizados, com três repetições, em casa de vegetação no verão (dezembro a março) e no campo durante o inverno (junho a setembro), com 15 genótipos experimentais de tomateiro: quatro do tipo longa vida mutantes de amadurecimento rin comerciais e pré-comerciais que foram: Tyler, Rebeca, Carmem e AF 13527; nove do tipo longa vida estrutural comerciais e précomerciais: Lumi, Débora Max, Michelli, Tammy, AF 12525, AF 11097, AF 13363, AF 13364 e AF 13525; e dois de frutos normais: Santa Clara e Drica. Os genótipos tipo longa vida Tyler, Rebeca, AF 13364, AF 13525, AF 13527 foram classificados como de estabilidade e adaptabilidade ampla para a característica produtividade comercial de frutos. Quanto ao peso médio comercial de frutos, os genótipos Tyler, Michelli e AF 11097, foram os únicos que apresentaram ampla adaptabilidade nas condições avaliadas.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the adaptability and stability of 15 tomato genotypes in the area of Gurupi, Tocantins. The experiments were carried out in two environments [greenhouse: in the summer (December to March) and in open field: winter (June to September)], with 15 experimental tomato genotypes, being: four of the type long shelf life commercial ripening mutants and pre-commercial (rin): Tyler, Rebeca, Carmem and AF 13527; nine of the type long shelf life structural commercials and pre-commercial: Lumi, Débora Max, Michelli, Tammy, AF 12525, AF 11097, AF 13363, AF 13364 and AF 13525; and two of normal fruits: Santa Clara and Drica, in randomized block design with three repetitions. The long life genotypes e Tyler, Rebeca, AF 13364, AF 13525, AF 13527 it were classified as of stability and wide adaptability and wide adaptability for yield. For the average weight of commercial fruits, the genotypes Tyler, Michelli and AF 11097 presented wide adaptability to the evaluated environments.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition, fermentation patterns and aerobic stability of sugarcane silages with addition of amino acid production (monosodium glutamate) by-product (APB) and microbial inoculants. Mature sugarcane was chopped and ensiled in laboratory silos (n = 4/treatment) without additives (control) and with APB (10 g/kg), Pioneer 1174® (PIO, 1.0 mg/kg, Lactobacillus plantarum + Streptoccoccus faecium, Pioneer), Lalsil Cana (2.0 mg/kg, Lactobacillus buchineri, Lallemand) or Mercosil Maís 11C33® (1.0 mg/kg, Lactobacillus buchineri + Lactobacillus plantarum + Streptoccoccus faecium, Timac Agro). Fresh silage and silage liquor samples were obtained to assess pH, chemical composition and organic acid concentrations. Silage temperature was recorded throughout seven days to evaluate aerobic stability. The addition of APB decreased lactic acid levels, increased pH and N-NH3 and did not alter ethanol, acetic and butyric acids concentrations or dry matter (DM) losses. Microbial inoculants enhanced acetic acid levels, although only Pioneer 1174® and Mercosil Maís 11C33® lowered ethanol, butyric acid and DM losses. The addition of APB increased CP content and did not modify DM, soluble carbohydrates contents or in vitro dry matter digestibility. Additives did not alter silage maximum temperature or temperature increasing rate; however, Pioneer 1174® and Mercosil Maís 11C33® increased the time elapsed to reach maximum temperature. Monosodium glutamate production by-product does not alter fermentation patterns or aerobic stability of sugarcane silages, whereas homofermentative bacteria can provide silages of good quality.

FeBr2 has reacted with an equivalent of mnt2- (mnt = cis-1,2-dicyanoethylene-1,2-dithiolate) and the α-diimine L (L = 1,10'-phenantroline, 2,2'-bipyridine) in THF solution, and followed by adding of t-butyl-isocyanide to give [Fe(mnt)(L)(t-BuNC)2] neutral compound. The products were characterized by infrared, UV-visible and Mössbauer spectroscopy, besides thermogravimetric and conductivity data. The geometry in the equilibrium was calculated by the density functional theory and the electronic spectrum by the time-dependent. The experimental and theoretical results in good agreement have defined an octahedral geometry with two isocyanide neighbours. The π→π* intraligand electronic transition was not observed for cis-isomers in the near-IR spectral region.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the chronic toxicity of ethanol low blood levels in malnourished rats. Female Wistar rats (220 g) were subjected to either an ad libitum diet (W, well-nourished, n=10) or food restriction (M, malnourished, n=10). Water (WW and MW) or ethanol solution (W5% and M5%) was offered to half of each nutritional group (n=5) as the only fluid source. The treatment was continued for two months. After sacrifice, blood biochemical parameters and macroscopic, histologic and morphometric evaluation of the liver were performed. Results indicated that: Ethanol consumption was higher in malnourished rats and minimized body weight loss in malnourished rats, while it decreased the body weight gain in well-nourished ones. Behavioral ethanol intoxication was more severe in malnourished rats. Malnutrition decreased hematocrit and hemoglobin but, on the other hand, ethanol was a protective factor of that effect (hemoglobin: MW 10.6 mg/dl / ME 13.02 mg/dl, p< 0.05). Ethanol increased the relative liver weight of both well-nourished and malnourished rats. Ethanol intake minimized iron pigment, collagen area and binuclear hepatocyte/ field increased by malnutrition. These data are in accordance with previous reports which showed ethanol as an important source of calories and, even chronically, ethanol still attenuates the effects of malnutrition.

Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar padrões de crescimento e de produção de variedades de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.) com os graus-dias e disponibilidade hídrica, durante os cultivos de cana-planta e cana-soca, na região dos Tabuleiros Costeiros Alagoano. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na área experimental de Agrometeorologia da Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Rio Largo-AL, num solo classificado como Latossolo Amarelo coeso argissólico. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos cazualizados com cinco repetições e quatro tratamentos: variedades RB92579, RB931530, RB93509 e SP79-1011. As variáveis da cultura utilizadas foram: perfilhamento, altura da planta, índice de área foliar (IAF), acúmulo de matéria seca no colmo e produção final. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre as médias de perfilhamento das variedades em todas as épocas amostradas, de forma geral o maior perfilhamento foi observado na variedade RB92579. O crescimento das plantas apresentou curvas de formato sigmoidal, com três fases distintas. Na fase de estabelecimento da cultura, apesar de ter ocorrido ótima disponibilidade hídrica, o crescimento foi lento. Na fase de crescimento vegetativo as plantas não cresceram em potencial, porque houve deficiências hídricas. A fase final ocorreu entre 1500 e 2015 GD na cana-planta e 950 e 1800 GD na cana-soca. A variedade RB92579 alcançou valores de IAF superiores a 3, logo aos 600 GD nos dois ciclos, permanecendo o restante dos ciclos acima desse valor, contribuindo para uma melhor eficiência no uso da água e para o maior acúmulo de matéria seca.

This work had the aim of evaluating the growth standard and yield of different sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) varieties with meteorogical parameter, during the plant and ratoon crop cane in Mesas regions of Alagoas. This work was carried out in an experimental area of Agrometeorology used a randomized outline with five repetition and four treatments: varieties RB92579, RB931530, SP79-1011 e RB93509, in the Agrarian Center of University Federal of Alagoas in Northeast of Brazil, Rio Largo AL, in a United Argissolico Yellow Latossolo soil. The plant parameter utilized to measure the growth were: tillering, plant height, leaf area index (LAI), dry mater accumulation in stalk and yield sugarcane. No differences were observed among tillering media from varieties in all samplings, and in general, the variety RB92579 obtained the biggest tillering. The sugarcane growth showed sigmoidal shape curve, with three different phases. In the crop initial phase, although it occurred great water conditions the sugarcane growth was slow. In the elongation phase the sugarcane didn't grow in potential, due the occurred water deficit in this phase. The last phase occurred between 1500 e 2015 GD in plant cane and 950 e 1800 GD in ratoon crop. The variety RB92579 obtained LAI values of 3 very early (in 600 GD), this contributed to improve the water use efficient and to accumulate more dry matter. The variety RB92579 obtained the biggest tillering ant height of stalk, a result of that, it obtained the biggest yield sugarcane.

O trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver um protótipo aplicador de líquidos na superfície do solo para cafezais localizados em regiões de topografia acidentada ou cultivados em sistema de plantio adensado. O protótipo do aplicador construído é um trator de rabiças acionado por um motor de dois tempos a gasolina, de 2,61 kW (3,5 cv), com duas rodas motrizes com bitola de 0,60 m e uma terceira roda direcional, equipado com sistema de pulverização dotado de depósito de 40 L, bomba centrífuga, filtros de linha, regulador de pressão, manômetro, mangueiras, válvulas e suporte de bicos. Para avaliar a eficiência do protótipo, foram instalados dois experimentos de campo em São Sebastião do Paraíso - MG (2003 e 2004), onde foram aplicados inseticidas sistêmicos para o controle da cigarra. Os métodos de aplicação avaliados foram: aplicação em faixa, filete, "drench" contínuo e "drench" intermitente. O protótipo aplicador de líquidos à superfície do solo atendeu aos objetivos propostos, visto que conseguiu realizar o controle químico de cigarras com destaque para a aplicação em "drench" contínuo. O protótipo, se equipado para aplicar simultaneamente nos dois lados da planta, apresentará capacidade de campo operacional semelhante à do equipamento tratorizado.

The present research aimed to develop a motorized sprayer for coffee plantations located in sloping areas or planted in a high density planting system. The equipment developed is a walk behind tractor powered by a 2.61 kW (3.5 cv) two-stroke engine, clearance of 0.60 m between two driving wheels, having a third directional wheel, equipped with spray system composed by a 40 L hopper, centrifugal pump, line filters, pressure regulator and gauge, hoses, valves and nozzles. Evaluations of the prototype were made in two field tests in São Sebastião do Paraíso - MG, Brazil (2003 and 2004), applying systemic insecticides to control the coffee cicadas. The application technologies evaluated were: flat fan nozzle band application, solid stream nozzle application, continuous drench application and intermittent drench application. The walk behind tractor for spraying ground surface of coffee plantations reached the aim because it provided good chemical control of coffee cicadas. The continuous drench application was the most interesting method due to its simplicity. The prototype will present the overall work rate similar to the tractor powered equipment if equipped to spray both sides of the plant rows.

Em feiras livres e centrais de abastecimento são produzidas quantidades bastante significativas de resíduos sólidos, com características favoráveis ao aproveitamento integral em processo de bioestabilização anaeróbia. O processo de bioestabilização é realizado em reatores anaeróbios de batelada (RAB), com tempo de detenção de sólidos variando de 250 a 300 dias originando, como produtos finais, o biogás, com cerca de 60% de gás metano, além de composto orgânico parcialmente bioestabilizado. Neste trabalho, foram utilizados resíduos sólidos orgânicos tipicamente vegetais, advindos de centrais de abastecimento, feiras livres e lodo de esgoto sanitário. O sistema experimental utilizado era constituído basicamente por um reator anaeróbio de batelada, com capacidade unitária de 2200 litros, além de outros dispositivos complementares. O sistema experimental foi instalado e monitorado na Estação Experimental de Tratamento Biológico de Esgoto Sanitário, situada no Bairro do Tambor, na cidade de Campina Grande, Estado da Paraíba, no período de janeiro a setembro de 2001. No processo de monitoração foram realizadas caracterizações sistemáticas das frações sólidas, líquidas e gasosas. Após análise dos dados, ficou evidenciada a viabilidade desta alternativa de tratamento, restando ser investigada ainda a viabilidade econômica, quando comparada com outras alternativas tecnológicas de tratamento de resíduos sólidos orgânicos.

Significant quantity of organic solid waste with favorable characteristics for integral utilization in anaerobic biostabilization is produced in free markets and supply centers. The process is conducted in anaerobic batch reactors (ABR), with detention time of solids varying from 250 to 300 days, producing biogas with about 60% of methane, besides the partially biostabilized organic compost as the final product. In this study, the organic solid waste used was typically of vegetables, originated from the supply centers, free markets and sanitary wastewater sludge. The experimental system used was basically constituted of a batch anaerobic reactor of 2200 L capacity, besides the other complementary devices. The experimental system was installed and monitored during the period of January to September 2001 at the Experimental Station for Biological Treatment of Sanitary Sewage, located at Tambor, Campina Grande, in the State of Paraíba, Brazil. During the process of monitoring the systematic characterization of the solid, liquid and gaseous fractions were realized. After analyzing the data, the feasibility of this alternative treatment, was evidenced although the economic viability in comparison to other technological alternatives of treatment of organic solid waste remains to be tested.

This paper summarizes eight country studies of inequality in the health sector. The analyses use household data to examine the distribution of service use and health expenditures. Each study divides the population into "income" quintiles, estimated using consumption expenditures. The studies measure inequality in the use of and spending on health services. Richer groups are found to have a higher probability of obtaining care when sick, to be more likely to be seen by a doctor, and to have a higher probability of receiving medicines when they are ill, than the poorer groups. The richer also spend more in absolute terms on care. In several instances there are unexpected findings. There is no consistent pattern in the use of private providers. Richer households do not devote a consistently higher percentage of their consumption expenditures to health care. The analyses indicate that intuition concerning inequalities could result in misguided decisions. It would thus be worthwhile to measure inequality to inform policy-making. Additional research could be performed using a common methodology for the collection of data and applying more sophisticated analytical techniques. These analyses could be used to measure the impact of health policy changes on inequality

En este documento se resumen las conclusiones de ocho estudios específicos de país sobre las desigualdades en la distribución de los recursos sanitarios. Los países son representativos de una amplia variedad de regiones: Burkina Faso, Sudáfrica y Zambia en África; Guatemala y el Paraguay en América Latina; Tailandia en Asia; y Kazajstán y Kirguistán en la antigua Unión Soviética. Se examinan la distribución socioeconómica del uso de los servicios de salud y de los gastos sanitarios familiares a partir de los datos aportados por las encuestas de hogares, aplicando una metodología común de análisis en todos los países. En cada estudio se divide a la población según los quintiles de ingresos, determinados a partir del gasto en consumo notificado. En los trabajos sobre Sudáfrica, Tailandia y Zambia se utilizan muestras representativas del país, mientras que en el caso de los otros países se han utilizado muestras subnacionales. Se han hecho mediciones de las desviaciones simples respecto a la igualdad en diversos aspectos del uso de los servicios de salud y el gasto correspondiente. Debido a algunas limitaciones de los datos, no se han podido medir las inequidades. Las encuestas se llevaron a cabo independientemente unas de otras, formulando de diferentes maneras las preguntas sobre las enfermedades y el uso de los servicios y empleando distintos periodos de rememoración. Por consiguiente, no procede hacer ninguna comparación entre los países. En general, los grupos de población más ricos tienen una mayor probabilidad de conseguir atención sanitaria en caso de enfermedad que los más pobres. En realidad, en casi todos los países analizados se observan altos niveles de desigualdad en el acceso a la atención de salud. Los quintiles más ricos tienen más probabilidades de ver a un médico que los grupos más pobres. Análogamente, en todos los países estudiados, salvo en el Paraguay, los más ricos tienen más probabilidades de recibir medicinas cuando enferman. Los grupos más ricos también gastan más en términos absolutos en atención sanitaria. En varios casos, sin embargo, el estudio ha aportado resultados inesperados. En particular, no hay ningún indicio consistente de que los hogares más ricos recurran más a menudo a la asistencia privada. En comparación con los hogares más pobres, las familias acomodadas no dedican sistemáticamente un mayor porcentaje de sus gastos de consumo a la atención de salud. En Burkina Faso, el Paraguay y Tailandia, los quintiles superiores gastan en asistencia sanitaria una proporción más pequeña de su consumo total que los más pobres. Los análisis efectuados indican que, en lo tocante a las desigualdades en salud, la intuición puede dar lugar a decisiones de política desacertadas. Como los resultados no siempre coinciden con las ideas previamente formadas sobre las desigualdades, parece que convendría medir la magnitud y las tendencias de éstas para informar la formulación de políticas. Un dato inesperado, por ejemplo, es que el sector privado constituye un importante proveedor de atención de salud para los grupos de población más pobres en tres de los países estudiados. Proveedores privados atendieron a más del 37% de los individuos en el quintil de consumo más pobre que solicitó asistencia en Guatemala, el Paraguay y Sudáfrica. Por lo tanto, sería interesante estudiar si en estos y otros países similares se podría utilizar, y de qué manera, a los proveedores privados para aumentar el acceso de los pobres a la atención de salud y reducir las desigualdades en ese sentido. Ello entrañaría probablemente la adopción de medidas que asegurasen la promoción y reglamentación del sector público, así como de sistemas de subvención de la demanda para las personas con menor poder adquisitivo. Estos análisis muestran que es necesario llevar a cabo nuevas investigaciones con una metodología común para recopilar y analizar datos que faciliten las comparaciones interpaíses. Convendría también emplear técnicas analíticas más perfeccionadas a fin de normalizar las distribuciones por edad y sexo de los ingresos y de articular una respuesta multifactorial a algunas de las preguntas planteadas por los datos inesperados obtenidos. Los métodos sencillos aquí utilizados, o los más complejos que se han sugerido, podrían ser de utilidad para medir la repercusión en las desigualdades de cambios específicos de las políticas de salud

Cet article résume les conclusions de huit études conduites dans autant de pays sur les inégalités des allocations de ressources dans le secteur de la santé. Les pays considérés représentent des régions très diverses : Afrique du Sud, Burkina Faso et Zambie pour l’Afrique ; Guatemala et Paraguay pour l’Amérique latine; Thaïlande pour l’Asie ; et Kazakhstan et Kirghizistan our l’ex-Union soviétique. On a analysé la distribution socio-économique de l’utilisation des services de santé et des dépenses de santé des ménages à partir des résultats d’enquêtes existantes sur les ménages et à l’aide d’une méthode d’analyse commune à tous les pays. Dans chaque étude, la population a été divisée en quintiles d’après le revenu évalué sur la base des chiffres fournis sur les dépenses de consommation. En Afrique du Sud, en Thaïlande et en Zambie, on a utilisé des échantillons représentatifs de l’ensemble du pays et ailleurs, des échantillons infranationaux. Ces études ont consisté à mesurer les écarts simples par rapport à une situation d’égalité pour différents aspects de l’utilisation des services de santé et des dépenses de santé. Les limites des données diponibles n’ont pas permis de chercher à mesurer les inéquités. Les enquêtes ont été conduites indépendamment les unes des autres, à l’aide de questions formulées de diverses manières sur la morbidité et l’utilisation des prestations de santé et sur la base de différentes périodes de référence. En conséquence, aucune comparaison ne serait appropriée et il n’en a pas été fait entre les pays. D’une manière générale, les groupes de population plus prospères ont davantage de chances de bénéficier de prestations de santé en cas de maladie que les groupes plus pauvres. De fait, des inégalités importantes dans l’accès aux soins ont été relevées dans la quasi-totalité des études. Les populations correspondant aux « quintiles les plus riches » ont davantage de chances de consulter un médecin que les plus pauvres. De même, les plus riches ont, quand ils sont malades, plus de chances de recevoir des médicaments dans tous les pays étudiés, à l’exception du Paraguay. Enfin, les groupes plus riches dépensent davantage, en termes absolus, pour leurs soins de santé. Toutefois, les études ont donné dans plusieurs cas des résultats inattendus. En particulier, il n’apparaît pas du tout de façon systématique que les ménages les plus prospères ont davantage recours à des services privés. De même, ces ménages ne consacrent pas systématiquement à la santé un pourcentage plus élevé de leurs dépenses de consommation que les ménages plus pauvres. Au Burkina Faso, au Paraguay et en Thaïlande, les quintiles supérieurs consacrent à leurs dépenses de santé une plus faible proportion du total de leurs dépenses de consommation que les plus pauvres. Les analyses montrent qu’au sujet des inégalités dans le secteur de la santé, l’intuition pourrait conduire à des décisions politiques erronées. Les constatations n’étant pas toujours conformes aux attentes, il paraît utile de mesurer le sens et l’étendue des inégalités pour que puissent être prises des décisions éclairées. Un exemple de résultat inattendu est que le secteur privé assure une part importante des prestations de santé dont bénéficient les groupes de population les moins prospères dans trois des pays étudiés. En Afrique du Sud, au Guatemala et au Paraguay, plus de 37% des personnes classées dans le quintile correspondant aux dépenses de consommation les plus faibles ont recours à des dispensateurs privés. Il pourrait donc être intéressant de déterminer si ces derniers pourraient êre utilisés dans ces pays et d’autres pays semblables - et de quelle façon - pour améliorer l’accès des plus pauvres aux prestations de santé et réduire ainsi les inégalités. Peut-être pourraiton développer et réguler au mieux le secteur public. Une autre solution serait de subventionner la demande de prestations privées en faveur des plus défavorisés. Une autre solution serait d’accroître la proportion des services financés par le secteur public. Il ressort de ces études qu’il serait souhaitable de conduire de nouvelles recherches en utilisant les mêmes méthodes de collecte et d’analyse des données afin de pouvoir faire des comparaisons interpays. Il conviendrait également d’appliquer des techniques d’analyse plus sophistiquées pour standardiser les quintiles du revenu sur l’âge et sur le sexe et de s’appuyer sur l’analyse multivariée pour répondre aux questions soulevées par les résultats inattendus observés. Les méthodes simples qui ont été utilisées ici ou les techniques plus sophistiquées suggérées pourraient être utilement mises à profit pour mesurer l’impact de modifications précises des politiques de santé sur les inégalités

A dinâmica parasitária da Haematobia irritans foi estudada em três fazendas com diferentes tipos de manejo de bovinos mestiços na região de São Carlos, SP, as quais não utilizavam nenhum tratamento específico à mosca. O experimento consistuiu na contagem de mosca na região dorso-lombar a cada 14 dias no período de outubro de 1992 a outubro de 1994. Cada fazenda adotava um tratamento: T1 (Fazenda Ribeirão Bonito, verminose tratada com levamizole-Ripercol L injetável, carrapato com piretróide - Ectoplus "pouron" e berne com trichlorphon-Neguvon + óleo queimado, usotópico); T2(Fazenda São Carlos, verminose tratada com levamizole - Ripercol injetável, carrapato tratado com banho de imersão com formamidina - Triatox e berne com fenthion -Tiguvon "pour on") e T3 (Fazenda Santa Eudóxia - sem tratamento). Os dados de contagem da mosca-do-chifre (MC), na escala √(MC + 0,5), foram analisados em um modelo que incluiu além da média, os efeitos de tratamentos, ano, mês, período e as interações duplas, sendo que todos os efeitos diferiram entre si (P<0,01). Na escala original observou-se que a contagem nos meses de temperaturas mais elevadas (outubro a março), houve uma carga de 15,7 ± 36,4 moscas/animal, enquanto que nos meses de temperaturas mais baixas (abril a setembro) foi de 6,8 ± 23,6 moscas/animal. A média de infestação de moscas/animal diferiu (P< 0,01) entre os anos (92 = 4,8 ± 7,8; 93 = 8,8 ± 20,0; 94 = 16,6 ± 43,8) e entre fazendas (T1= 3,1 ± 9,7 ; T2 = 2,2 ± 13,7 e T3 = 26,0 ± 44,5), mostrando que o comportamento da mosca-do-chifre é irregular e acíclico. Observou-se ainda, uma eficiência (P<0,05) de 81,1% e 86,3% nos tratamentos T1 e T2, respectivamente, quando comparado com o tratamento T3.

Haematobia irritans parasitical dynamics was studied in three farms rearing crossbred beef cattle, under different management systems, in the region of São Carlos, São Paulo State. In the farms was not utilized any specific treatment against horn flies. The experiment consisted in counting fortnightly the number of flies on the dorso-lombar area of the animals, from October, 1992 to October, 1994. Each farm used a different parasite control: T1- Ribeirão Bonito Farm, anthihelminthic treatment, with injectable levamizole (Ripercol L); ticks treated with pour on pyrethroid compound (Ectoplus); and berne, treated with trichlorphon (Neguvon) plus used motor oil, applied topically; T2- São Carlos Farm, antihelminthic treatmen with injectable levamizole (Ripercol L); ticks treated with formamidine (Triatox) in immersion bath; and berne treated with pour on fenthion (Tiguvon); and T3- Santa Eudóxia Farm, no parasitism treatments. The number of horn flies (MC) was analised in the scale √(MC + 0,5) in a statistical model that included, besides the mean, the effects of treatments, year, month, period and the double interactions. In the scale MC, all the effects differed from each other (P < 0.01). During the months in which the temperature was higher (October to March) average parasite load was of 15.7±36.4 flies, while temperature was lower (April to August) it was of 6.8 ± 23.6 flies. The average parasite load differed (P < 0.01) among years (92 = 4.8 ± 7.8; 93 = 8.8 ± 20.0; 94 = 16.6 ± 43.8) and among farms (T1= 3.1 ± 9.7; T2= 2.2 ± 13.7 e T3=26.0 ± 44.5), indicating that horn fly behaviour is irregular and noncyclic. The efficiency of 81.1% and 86.3% was observed for treatment T1 and T2, respectivelly, when compared to treatment T3.

The present work is a preliminary contribution to the knowledge of the fauna, with regard to the aspect of mullusks, on the coast located in the city of Piúma (40º45' lat. L and 20º50' long. W) Espírito Santo State, aiming a better comprehension of the distribution and ecology of mollusks in the South Atlantic. Collections were made in planned sporadic periods (May/29 to 31 of 1984; May/04-05 and September/13-16 of 1985; March/26-28; October/30-31 and November/01-02 of 1986), in the intertidal zones in the area, in each chosen region and in presence of an 0.0 tide. The material identified by comparative analysis of the morphologic variability presented a total of 41 generic taxa (52.56%) and 44 specific taxa (52.38%) of the class Gastropoda, 36 generic taxa (46.15%) and 39 specific taxa (46.43%) of the class Bivalvia and 1 generic taxa (1,28%) and 1 specific taxa (1.19%) of the class Scaphopoda.